| United Kingdom | GBP 0.22-0.34 per kWh (Ofgem regional cap spread and available tariffs) | GBP 0.05-0.11 per kWh (Ofgem cap benchmark and regional/tariff variation) | GBP 0.09-0.13 per kWh equivalent (kerosene supplier tracking, delivery-size and season dependent) | Boiler Upgrade Scheme: typically GBP 7,500 for eligible ASHP/GSHP installs in England and Wales | Gas boilers dominate in urban areas; oil, LPG, and direct electric remain common off-grid. | medium | Ofgem domestic cap benchmarks + UK supplier kerosene tracking + Eurostat context | 2026-04-28 | Electricity/gas benchmarks align with Ofgem's 1 April to 30 June 2026 cap context (24.67p/kWh electricity and 5.74p/kWh gas GB average, Direct Debit) and broader tariff variation. Heating-oil range uses UK supplier-tracked kerosene pricing converted to kWh-equivalent planning values. |
| Ireland | EUR 0.28-0.37 per kWh (SEAI domestic electricity bands DA-DE, incl. VAT and tariff variation) | EUR 0.10-0.15 per kWh (SEAI domestic natural-gas bands D1-D3) | EUR 0.09-0.15 per kWh equivalent (SEAI domestic fuel comparison kerosene range by appliance efficiency) | SEAI heat pump grant: commonly EUR 6,500 for eligible detached homes, lower for smaller dwelling types | Oil remains common in rural housing; gas is concentrated in connected towns/cities. | medium | SEAI domestic fuel statistics + CRU consumer/regulatory information + Eurostat context | 2026-04-28 | Ireland ranges are based on SEAI domestic fuel cost tables (latest publication accessed 2026-04-28) plus CRU consumer context. Rural oil delivery size, payment terms, and tariff discounts can move realised prices. |
| Germany | EUR 0.25-0.40 per kWh | EUR 0.08-0.14 per kWh | EUR 0.08-0.13 per kWh equivalent | BEG support typically combines base subsidy and possible bonus components depending on project conditions | Large existing stock of gas and oil boilers, plus district heating in many urban areas. | medium | Eurostat household energy prices + Bundesnetzagentur + BAFA | 2026-04-28 | Grid area, tariff type, and tax/levy design can change annual delivered-cost comparisons. |
| France | EUR 0.20-0.30 per kWh | EUR 0.08-0.13 per kWh | EUR 0.08-0.12 per kWh equivalent | MaPrimeRénov' and related support vary by income band, dwelling type, and works package | Mixed heating market: gas, electric resistance, oil in older/rural stock, wood, and growing heat pumps. | medium | Eurostat household energy prices + CRE + France Rénov' | 2026-04-28 | Tariff option (base vs time-of-use), climate zone, and income-tested support can materially alter payback. |
| Netherlands | EUR 0.22-0.35 per kWh | EUR 0.09-0.16 per kWh | Oil heating is limited nationally; where used, ~EUR 0.08-0.13 per kWh equivalent | ISDE heat pump subsidy often ranges from low thousands to several thousand EUR depending on technology and rated performance | Strong historic gas dependency with rapid growth in hybrid and all-electric heat pump pathways. | medium | Eurostat household energy prices + ACM + RVO ISDE | 2026-04-28 | Taxes and policy changes around gas can move the electricity-to-gas ratio quickly. |
| Belgium | EUR 0.25-0.40 per kWh | EUR 0.09-0.15 per kWh | EUR 0.08-0.13 per kWh equivalent | Regional support differs: Flanders, Wallonia, and Brussels each run separate eligibility and payment structures | Gas is widespread in urban areas; oil and other fuels remain in part of older or off-grid stock. | medium | Eurostat household energy prices + CREG + regional grant portals | 2026-04-28 | Because Belgian support is regional, this page should be treated as a national planning layer only. |
| Denmark | DKK 2.00-3.20 per kWh | DKK 0.80-1.40 per kWh equivalent | DKK 0.70-1.20 per kWh equivalent | Heat pump support depends on current national programmes and district-heating status for the property | District heating is dominant; individual heat pumps are most relevant outside district-heating zones. | medium | Eurostat household energy prices + Energistyrelsen + SparEnergi | 2026-04-28 | District-heating tariffs and local connection plans can dominate the household decision. |
| Sweden | SEK 1.20-2.60 per kWh (highly zone/time dependent) | Gas is limited nationally; where applicable ~SEK 0.80-1.60 per kWh equivalent | SEK 0.90-1.60 per kWh equivalent | Support is more often tied to broader renovation programmes; direct heat pump grants vary by programme and timing | High penetration of district heating and mature heat pump adoption, including air-to-air and ground source. | medium | Eurostat household energy prices + Energimyndigheten + Boverket | 2026-04-28 | SE3/SE4 price area effects and spot-price exposure can create wide bill differences between households. |
| Norway | NOK 0.90-2.20 per kWh (regional and seasonal spread) | Mains gas is limited in homes; use local supplier quotes where available | Heating oil use is now limited for residential space heating; legacy or backup use can still occur | Enova support applies to selected home energy upgrades and can change by programme year | Electric resistance and air-to-air heat pumps are common; gas/oil are not the main baseline for many homes. | medium | NVE + Enova + official Norwegian consumer energy sources | 2026-04-28 | Because Norwegian household heating is often electric, gas/oil comparison columns should be read as secondary context. |
| Finland | EUR 0.12-0.25 per kWh | Gas is limited in homes; where connected typically ~EUR 0.07-0.13 per kWh | EUR 0.08-0.12 per kWh equivalent | Renovation support is programme-dependent and often linked to broader efficiency measures | District heating and electric/heat-pump systems are common; gas is less common than in central-western Europe. | medium | Eurostat household energy prices + Energiavirasto + ARA/Motiva | 2026-04-28 | Spot-linked electricity contracts can make realised annual costs differ from fixed-price assumptions. |
| Austria | EUR 0.20-0.35 per kWh | EUR 0.08-0.14 per kWh | EUR 0.08-0.13 per kWh equivalent | National and provincial programmes can support replacing oil/gas systems; exact aid varies by province and household status | Mixed system landscape of gas, oil, biomass, district heating, and rising heat pump adoption. | medium | Eurostat household energy prices + E-Control + Umweltförderung | 2026-04-28 | Province-level support and site climate can produce materially different project outcomes. |
| Switzerland | CHF 0.20-0.35 per kWh | CHF 0.09-0.17 per kWh | CHF 0.10-0.16 per kWh equivalent | The Building Programme and cantonal schemes can provide support, but amounts and eligibility are canton-specific | Oil and gas remain in part of stock, with high and growing heat pump adoption plus district heating in some municipalities. | medium | ElCom + federal/cantonal subsidy portals + official Swiss efficiency guidance | 2026-04-28 | Canton-level differences mean this national page is a starting range, not a quote basis. |
| Luxembourg | EUR 0.15-0.27 per kWh | EUR 0.07-0.12 per kWh | EUR 0.08-0.12 per kWh equivalent | Klimabonus / Klima-Agence pathways can support eligible heat pumps and renovation measures | Gas and oil still present in legacy stock, with increasing interest in heat pumps and whole-home renovation. | medium | Eurostat household energy prices + ILR + Klima-Agence | 2026-04-28 | Small-market supplier variation can still be meaningful; verify tariff terms and subsidy cap rules. |